What is SEC Math | The New Singapore-Cambridge Secondary Education Certificate Examinations Math

Singapore’s secondary mathematics (often abbreviated as “SEC Math”) syllabus is overseen by the Ministry of Education (MOE) and designed to cater to students’ diverse abilities and post-secondary pathways.

As of 2024, the system has shifted to Full Subject-Based Banding (FSBB), replacing the traditional streaming (Express, Normal Academic, Normal Technical) with three levels: G3 (most advanced, preparing students for further math-related studies), G2 (intermediate, building solid foundational skills), and G1 (basic, focused on practical applications for vocational paths).

These levels allow students to take subjects at different bands based on their strengths.

The syllabuses are implemented progressively from Secondary 1 to 4 (with some G2 extensions to Sec 5), and they emphasize problem-solving in real-world contexts, such as finance, data interpretation, and everyday scenarios.

Content is organized into three strands across all levels: Number and Algebra, Geometry and Measurement, and Statistics and Probability. Big ideas like equivalence, proportionality, and models connect topics across strands.

Below, we’ll explain each level’s aims, key learning experiences, topics by secondary year, and assessment objectives, based on the official MOE syllabuses. Differences between levels are highlighted where relevant.

(Information accurate as of Nov 2025, check with relevant authorities for any changes)

G1 Mathematics (Basic Level)

This level is tailored for students heading toward vocational education, emphasizing practical math skills for real life and other subjects.

Aims

• Acquire concepts and skills for everyday use and cross-subject support.
• Develop thinking, reasoning, communication, application, and metacognitive skills via problem-solving.
• Connect math ideas internally and with other areas.
• Build confidence and appreciate math’s role in decision-making.

Learning Experiences

Focus on mathematical processes (e.g., reasoning, modeling), metacognition (self-regulation of thinking), and positive attitudes (e.g., perseverance). Students solve real-world problems involving assumptions, data sense-making, and interpretation—e.g., personal finance (interest, bills), basic graphs/tables, and contexts like recipes or transport. Technology (calculators, spreadsheets) and blended learning (home-based activities) are integrated, alongside STEM connections and computational thinking basics.

Key Topics by Level

Topics build progressively.

• Secondary 1:
• Number and Algebra: Basic operations (integers, fractions, decimals, negatives); primes (excluding factorization); number lines and inequalities; approximation/estimation; ratios (comparison, division, equivalents); percentages (conversions, increases/decreases, comparisons); simple algebraic expressions (notation, evaluation, patterns like n+3).
• Geometry and Measurement: Angle types and properties (e.g., vertically opposite, parallel lines); symmetry (line/rotational); mensuration (area of triangles/parallelograms/trapeziums/circles, perimeter composites; volume/surface area of cubes/cuboids; unit conversions).
• Statistics and Probability: Data collection/interpretation (tables, bar graphs, pictograms, line graphs, pie charts); advantages/disadvantages of representations.
• Secondary 2:
• Number and Algebra: Proportion (direct/inverse); rates/speeds (averages, conversions); linear expressions (addition/subtraction/simplification); functions/graphs (Cartesian coordinates, linear y=ax+b, gradients); linear equations (solving/formulating).
• Geometry and Measurement: Triangle/quadrilateral properties; constructions (bisectors); congruence/similarity basics; Pythagoras’ theorem; mensuration (prisms/cylinders, composites).
• Statistics and Probability: Data analysis (dot diagrams, histograms); mean/mode/median (ungrouped); probability basics (single events, outcomes).
• Secondary 3/4:
• Number and Algebra: Index notation/standard form; map scales; advanced algebra (sequences, expansions, factorizations, fractions, formula changes); quadratic functions/graphs (y=ax²+bx+c, properties); equations (fractional, simultaneous, quadratic by formula).
• Geometry and Measurement: Trigonometry (ratios for right triangles, elevation/depression); mensuration (pyramids/cones/spheres, arcs/sectors).
• Statistics and Probability: Percentiles/quartiles/range; cumulative frequency diagrams.

Assessment Objectives

• AO1: Use standard techniques (recall facts, routine procedures).
• AO2: Solve problems in contexts (interpret info, apply techniques, formulate math terms).
• AO3: Reason and communicate (justify statements, explain in context).
  National exams (e.g., GCE N(T)-Level, Code 4046) include two 1.5-hour papers (50% each), with short and context-based questions.

G2 Mathematics (Intermediate Level)

This level supports students who may end formal math at secondary school or pursue moderate further studies. Aims and learning experiences are shared with G3 but with less depth initially.

Aims

Same as G3 (see below), focusing on foundational skills, interest, and cross-subject connections.

Learning Experiences

Similar to G3/G1: Emphasize problem-solving heuristics (e.g., Polya’s steps), real-world modeling (e.g., finance, graphs including distance-time), technology, blended/STEM learning, and 21st-century competencies like critical thinking.

Key Topics by Level

Builds on basics with increasing complexity; some advanced topics (e.g., vectors) only in Sec 5 extension for GCE N(A)-Level.

• Secondary 1:
• Number and Algebra: Primes/factorization/HCF/LCM; operations on various numbers; ratios/percentages (including increases, reverses); rates/speeds (conversions, averages); algebraic expressions (simplification with integrals); linear equations.
• Geometry and Measurement: Angles (properties, parallels); triangles; mensuration (parallelograms/trapeziums/prisms/cylinders/composites).
• Statistics and Probability: Data interpretation (various charts); misinterpretation risks.
• Secondary 2:
• Number and Algebra: Map scales/proportions; advanced algebra (expansions, factorizations, fractions); linear functions/graphs; equations/inequalities (linear, simultaneous).
• Geometry and Measurement: Quadrilaterals/polygons/constructions; congruence/similarity; Pythagoras; mensuration (pyramids/cones/spheres).
• Statistics and Probability: Diagrams (dot/histogram/stem-leaf); mean/mode/median (grouped); probability (single events).
• Secondary 3/4:
• Number and Algebra: Indices/standard form; advanced algebra (formula changes, fractions); quadratic/power/exponential functions/graphs; quadratic equations (factorization/formula/completing square).
• Geometry and Measurement: Similarity (enlargements, ratios); circle properties; trigonometry (obtuse angles, area formula, sine/cosine rules, 2D/3D); mensuration (arcs/sectors/segments, radians); coordinate geometry (gradients, equations).
• Statistics and Probability: Quartiles/standard deviation (calculations); cumulative/box plots; probability (combined events, trees, rules for exclusive/independent).

For Sec 5 (GCE N(A)-Level), adds G3 elements like quadratic sketching, sets/Venn, matrices, triangle congruence tests, vectors.

Assessment Objectives

Same as G1/G3: AO1 (techniques), AO2 (problem-solving), AO3 (reasoning). Exams align with GCE N(A)-Level standards.

G3 Mathematics (Advanced Level)

This is the most rigorous level, preparing students for A-Level or math-intensive paths. It introduces topics earlier and in greater depth than G2.

Aims

• Acquire concepts/skills for ongoing math learning and other subjects.
• Develop advanced thinking/reasoning/communication/application/metacognition via problem-solving.
• Connect math internally/externally.
• Foster confidence and interest.

Learning Experiences

Identical to G2: Real-world problem-solving (e.g., navigation, data analysis), heuristics, technology (e.g., dynamic software), computational thinking, STEM integration.

Key Topics by Level

More advanced scope than G2 (e.g., earlier quadratics, sets/matrices/vectors).

• Secondary 1:
• Number and Algebra: Advanced operations (rationals/reals); ratios/percentages/rates/speeds; algebraic expressions (brackets/factors); linear functions/graphs; equations/inequalities.
• Geometry and Measurement: Angles/polygons (sums, constructions); mensuration (composites/prisms/cylinders).
• Statistics and Probability: Data handling (charts, misinterpretation).
• Secondary 2:
• Number and Algebra: Proportions; advanced algebra (quadratics, fractions); quadratic functions/graphs; simultaneous/quadratic equations/inequalities.
• Geometry and Measurement: Congruence/similarity (tests, ratios); Pythagoras/trigonometry (basics); mensuration (pyramids/cones/spheres).
• Statistics and Probability: Diagrams (histograms etc.); mean/mode/median; probability.
• Secondary 3/4:
• Number and Algebra: Indices/laws; advanced functions/graphs (power/exponential, gradients); quadratic equations (completing square); sets/Venn; matrices (operations).
• Geometry and Measurement: Similarity (scale drawings); circle properties/angles; advanced trigonometry (rules, 3D/bearings); mensuration (radians/segments); coordinate geometry; vectors (magnitude, operations).
• Statistics and Probability: Standard deviation/comparisons; advanced probability (trees, rules).

Assessment Objectives

Same as above. Leads to GCE O-Level (Syllabus 4052), with two 2.5-hour papers testing similar AOs.

Key Differences Between G2 and G3

• Depth/Scope: G3 covers more topics (e.g., vectors, matrices, advanced graphs) and introduces concepts earlier (e.g., quadratics in Sec 2 vs. Sec 3/4 in G2).
• Complexity: G3 handles fractional equations/factorizations sooner; includes obtuse trig and 3D problems more extensively.
• Preparation: G3 suits Additional Mathematics or higher studies; G2 is sufficient for general needs, with G1 for basics.

For the latest exam formats, refer to the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board (SEAB). If you’re a student/parent, schools provide guidance on banding placement based on PSLE results and performance.

SEC Math is the new exam after GCE O levels

SEC Math refers to the Mathematics component of the Singapore-Cambridge Secondary Education Certificate (SEC) examinations, which are the new exams replacing the GCE O-Levels (and N-Levels) starting with the 2027 graduating cohort (i.e., students who entered Secondary 1 in 2024). It’s not an exam taken “after” O-Levels but the successor to them under Singapore’s

Full Subject-Based Banding (Full SBB) system, implemented from 2024. The SEC certificate reflects students’ performance in subjects at one of three levels: G1 (basic, vocational-focused), G2 (intermediate), or G3 (advanced, for further academic paths like A-Levels). Mathematics is a compulsory subject, and students are placed and can adjust levels based on PSLE results and school performance.

The SEC Math syllabuses build on the current secondary mathematics curriculum (effective from 2020 cohorts) and are administered by the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board (SEAB). They emphasize problem-solving in real-world contexts (e.g., finance, data analysis, everyday scenarios like travel or recipes), mathematical modeling, critical thinking, and 21st-century skills like metacognition and STEM integration. Content is divided into three strands: Number and Algebra, Geometry and Measurement, and Statistics and Probability. Big ideas (e.g., equivalence, proportionality, functions) connect topics across strands.

Below, we summarize each level’s aims, learning experiences, key topics by secondary year, and assessment, based on official MOE syllabuses. Differences between levels are in depth, pace, and scope (e.g., G3 introduces advanced topics like vectors and matrices earlier). Students may take Additional Mathematics as an elective at G2 or G3 for deeper preparation.

G1 G2 G3 Math and what is the significance

In Singapore’s secondary education system, under the Full Subject-Based Banding (Full SBB) framework implemented starting with the 2024 Secondary 1 cohort, subjects like Mathematics are offered at three levels: G1, G2, and G3 (where “G” stands for General).

These levels replace the traditional streaming into Express, Normal (Academic) [N(A)], and Normal (Technical) [N(T)] courses, allowing students to take each subject at a level that matches their strengths, interests, and learning pace rather than being locked into a single stream.

Mathematics is a compulsory core subject at all levels, with the curriculum emphasizing problem-solving, real-world applications (e.g., financial literacy, data analysis, and STEM connections), and skills like reasoning, metacognition, and technology use (e.g., calculators and digital tools like GeoGebra).

The levels are mapped as follows: G1 aligns with the former N(T) standard (foundational), G2 with N(A) (intermediate), and G3 with Express (advanced). Students start at indicative levels based on their Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE) scores and Posting Groups (1 for G1, 2 for G2, 3 for G3), but they have flexibility to adjust levels from Secondary 1 onward based on performance, aptitude, and school recommendations.

Explanation of Each Level in Mathematics

The G1, G2, and G3 Mathematics syllabuses share a common structure across three strands—Number and Algebra, Geometry and Measurement, and Statistics and Probability—but differ in depth, pace, complexity, and content scope.

Topics build progressively from Secondary 1 to 4 (with optional extensions to Secondary 5 for G2 students needing more time), and the curriculum integrates 21st-century skills like computational thinking and real-world modeling (e.g., using graphs for distance-time scenarios or probability for decision-making).

As of 2025, the syllabuses remain largely stable from the 2020 editions, with enhancements for smoother transitions from primary school (e.g., earlier introduction of speed and financial math like interest calculations) and greater emphasis on technology and scenario-based problems (20-30% of content). Below is a breakdown of each level, including key aims and differences:

• G1 Mathematics (Foundational Level):
  This is the least demanding level, designed for students who benefit from a slower pace and focus on practical, everyday math skills to support real-life applications and other subjects. It emphasizes basic numeracy, arithmetic, and foundational concepts with simplified content and more support (e.g., through remedial programs). Key aims include acquiring skills for daily use (e.g., budgeting, basic measurements), developing problem-solving and metacognition, building confidence, and appreciating math’s role in decision-making. Topics are introduced later and with less abstraction compared to higher levels—for instance, quadratics and trigonometry appear in Secondary 3/4 but only in basic forms (e.g., right-triangle ratios without obtuse angles). Real-world contexts like personal finance (bills, simple interest) or data interpretation (basic charts) are prominent. This level prepares students for vocational paths, such as Institute of Technical Education (ITE) programs.
• G2 Mathematics (Intermediate Level):
  An intermediate standard for students needing solid foundations for moderate further studies or general post-secondary options. It builds on basics with moderate complexity, pacing, and content volume, aiming to foster continuous learning, problem-solving skills, internal/external math connections, and interest in the subject. Compared to G1, it introduces topics earlier (e.g., quadratics in Secondary 3/4 with factorization and completing the square) and includes more advanced elements like power/exponential functions, standard deviation in statistics, and 3D trigonometry (including sine/cosine rules). Real-world modeling is expanded (e.g., finance with compound interest, distance-time graphs). An optional Secondary 5 year allows alignment with G3 for stronger students. This level suits pathways like polytechnics or a mix of academic/vocational pursuits.
• G3 Mathematics (Advanced Level):
  The most rigorous level, intended for students preparing for math-intensive paths like Junior College (JC) A-Levels or university studies. It features faster pacing, deeper exploration, and advanced concepts introduced earlier (e.g., quadratics in Secondary 2, including graphical solutions and completing the square). Aims mirror G2 but with emphasis on higher-order thinking for ongoing math learning. Additional topics include sets/Venn diagrams, matrices, vectors, exponential graphs, and advanced probability (e.g., tree diagrams for independent events). It also offers an elective Additional Mathematics at G2/G3 for further depth (e.g., calculus basics, modeling). Real-world applications are sophisticated, such as navigation with bearings or data comparisons in statistics. This level is essential for aggregates in JC admission.

Key Differences Across Levels

The levels vary primarily in rigor, timing of topic introduction, and complexity, as summarized in the table below (focusing on progression and examples):

Aspect	G1 (Foundational)	G2 (Intermediate)	G3 (Advanced)
Pace & Depth	Slower pace; basic concepts with practical focus	Moderate pace; balanced depth with some abstraction	Fast pace; deep, abstract concepts for higher studies
Topic Introduction	Later (e.g., quadratics in Sec 3/4, basic forms)	Mid-timing (e.g., quadratics in Sec 3/4, with methods like formula)	Earlier (e.g., quadratics in Sec 2, including inequalities)
Key Examples	Basic algebra (simple expressions); right-triangle trig; ungrouped stats (mean/median)	Algebraic fractions; obtuse trig & sine/cosine rules; grouped stats (standard deviation)	Matrices/vectors; exponential functions; advanced probability (rules for events)
Real-World Focus	Everyday scenarios (e.g., recipes, bills)	Expanded modeling (e.g., finance, graphs)	Sophisticated apps (e.g., STEM, AI-linked problems)
Assessment Weight	50% routine techniques; 30% contextual solving; 20% reasoning	Similar, but with more application emphasis	Higher on reasoning/applications (15-20% real-world in exams)

Exams under the Singapore-Cambridge Secondary Education Certificate (SEC)—starting fully in 2027—reflect these differences with level-specific papers (e.g., G1: two 1.5-hour papers; G3: two 2.25-hour papers), focusing on techniques, problem-solving, and communication.

What is MOE SEAB Mathematics Syllabus (Secondary E-Math)

Significance of G1, G2, and G3 in Mathematics

The introduction of G1, G2, and G3 levels represents a major shift toward a more inclusive, student-centered education system in Singapore. By decoupling subjects from rigid streams, Full SBB reduces the stigma associated with “lower” streams, promotes mixed-form classes (about one-third of curriculum time in common subjects like Art or Physical Education) for diverse peer interactions, and empowers students to own their learning journeys—fostering motivation, well-being, and lifelong skills.

For Mathematics specifically, this flexibility addresses varying learner profiles: students strong in math can take G3 for challenge and better JC aggregates (e.g., adjusted L1R5 cut-offs), while those needing support can opt for G1/G2 to build confidence without overload, incorporating tools for special educational needs.

The significance extends to post-secondary pathways: SEC results (reflecting G-levels) enable broader access—e.g., expanded Polytechnic Foundation Programme for G3 mixes from 2028, or ITE entry via G1/G2 for vocational training.

Overall, it equips students with practical math literacy for 21st-century demands (e.g., data-driven decisions, tech integration), reduces stress through adaptive pacing, and promotes equity by recognizing diverse strengths. As of 2025, over 90% of schools have adopted this, with ongoing emphasis on teacher training for differentiated instruction. For personalized advice, consult school counselors or the Ministry of Education (MOE) resources.

G1 Mathematics (N(T)-Level Equivalent, Code 4046)

Aimed at students pursuing vocational paths, focusing on practical, everyday math skills.

Aims

• Acquire concepts/skills for real life and other subjects.
• Develop problem-solving skills (thinking, reasoning, communication, application, metacognition).
• Connect math internally and externally.
• Build confidence and appreciate math’s decision-making value.

Learning Experiences

Emphasize mathematical processes (reasoning, modeling), metacognition (self-reflection), and attitudes (perseverance, interest). Real-world applications include personal finance (interest, bills), data interpretation (graphs/tables), and scenarios like recipes or transport. Integrate technology (calculators, spreadsheets), blended learning, and STEM/computational thinking.

Key Topics by Level

Secondary Level	Number and Algebra	Geometry and Measurement	Statistics and Probability
Sec 1	Negative numbers/primes (basic ops); fractions/decimals; inequalities; approximation/estimation; ratios (comparison, equivalents); percentages (conversions, increases/decreases); simple algebraic expressions (notation, evaluation, patterns).	Angles (types, vertically opposite, parallels); symmetry (line/rotational); mensuration (areas of triangles/parallelograms/trapeziums/circles, perimeters; volumes/surface areas of cubes/cuboids; unit conversions).	Data collection/interpretation (tables, bar graphs, pictograms, line graphs, pie charts); advantages/disadvantages.
Sec 2	Proportion (direct/inverse); rates/speeds (averages, conversions); linear expressions (add/subtract/simplify); functions/graphs (Cartesian, linear y=ax+b, gradients); linear equations (solving/formulating).	Triangle/quadrilateral properties; constructions (bisectors); congruence/similarity basics; Pythagoras’ theorem; mensuration (prisms/cylinders, composites).	Data analysis (dot diagrams, histograms); mean/mode/median (ungrouped); probability (single events).
Sec 3/4	Index notation/standard form; map scales; sequences; expansions/factorizations/algebraic fractions/formula changes; quadratic functions/graphs (y=ax²+bx+c, properties); equations (fractional, simultaneous, quadratic by formula).	Trigonometry (ratios in right triangles, elevation/depression); mensuration (pyramids/cones/spheres, arcs/sectors).	Percentiles/quartiles/range; cumulative frequency diagrams.

Assessment Objectives

• AO1: Use standard techniques (recall, routine procedures).
• AO2: Solve contextual problems (interpret, apply, formulate).
• AO3: Reason/communicate (justify, explain).
  SEC exams (from 2027): Two 1.5-hour papers (50% each), short and contextual questions.

G2 Mathematics (N(A)-Level Equivalent, Code 4045)

For students needing solid foundations, potentially extending to Sec 5 for G3 alignment.

Aims

Same as G3, emphasizing continuous learning, problem-solving, connections, confidence, and interest.

Learning Experiences

Similar to G1/G3: Real-world modeling (e.g., finance, distance-time graphs), heuristics (e.g., Polya’s process), technology, blended/STEM learning, 21st-century skills.

Key Topics by Level

Secondary Level	Number and Algebra	Geometry and Measurement	Statistics and Probability
Sec 1	Primes/factorization/HCF/LCM; number ops; ratios/percentages (increases, reverses); rates/speeds; algebraic expressions (simplification); linear equations.	Angles (properties, parallels); triangles; mensuration (parallelograms/trapeziums/prisms/cylinders/composites).	Data interpretation (charts); misinterpretation risks.
Sec 2	Map scales/proportions; expansions/factorizations/algebraic fractions; linear functions/graphs; equations/inequalities (linear, simultaneous).	Quadrilaterals/polygons/constructions; congruence/similarity; Pythagoras; mensuration (pyramids/cones/spheres).	Diagrams (dot/histogram/stem-leaf); mean/mode/median (grouped); probability (single).
Sec 3/4	Indices/standard form; formula changes/algebraic fractions; quadratic/power/exponential functions/graphs; quadratic equations (factorization/formula/completing square).	Similarity (enlargements, ratios); circle properties; trigonometry (obtuse, sine/cosine rules, 2D/3D); mensuration (arcs/sectors/segments, radians); coordinate geometry.	Quartiles/standard deviation; cumulative/box plots; probability (combined, trees, rules).
Sec 5 (Optional)	Quadratic sketching; sets/Venn; matrices; triangle congruence; vectors.	(Builds on prior)	(No additions)

Assessment Objectives

Same as G1/G3. SEC exams: Two 2-hour papers (50% each), short and structured questions.

G3 Mathematics (O-Level Equivalent, Code 4052)

For advanced students preparing for math-intensive paths.

Aims

• Acquire concepts/skills for further math/other subjects.
• Develop advanced problem-solving skills.
• Connect ideas internally/externally.
• Foster confidence/interest.

Learning Experiences

Identical to G2: Real-world problems (e.g., navigation, data), heuristics, technology, computational/STEM thinking.

Key Topics by Level

Secondary Level	Number and Algebra	Geometry and Measurement	Statistics and Probability
Sec 1	Advanced ops (rationals/reals); ratios/percentages/rates/speeds; algebraic expressions (brackets/factors); linear functions/graphs; equations/inequalities.	Angles/polygons (sums, constructions); mensuration (composites/prisms/cylinders).	Data handling (charts, misinterpretation).
Sec 2	Proportions; advanced algebra (quadratics, fractions); quadratic functions/graphs; simultaneous/quadratic equations/inequalities.	Congruence/similarity (tests, ratios); Pythagoras/trigonometry (basics); mensuration (pyramids/cones/spheres).	Diagrams (histograms etc.); mean/mode/median; probability.
Sec 3/4	Indices/laws; power/exponential functions/graphs; quadratic equations (completing square); sets/Venn; matrices.	Similarity (scale drawings); circle properties/angles; advanced trigonometry (rules, 3D/bearings); mensuration (radians/segments); coordinate geometry; vectors (magnitude, ops).	Standard deviation/comparisons; advanced probability (trees, rules).

Assessment Objectives

Same as above. SEC exams: Two 2.25-hour papers (50% each), varied questions including real-world.

Key Level Differences

• G3 vs. G2: Earlier introduction of quadratics (Sec 2 vs. Sec 3/4), more topics (e.g., vectors/matrices in Sec 3/4), greater complexity (e.g., 3D trig, proofs).
• G2 vs. G1: Deeper algebra/geometry (e.g., quadratics in G2), more stats/probability (e.g., standard deviation).
  SEC results determine post-secondary options (e.g., JC requires G3 Math in aggregates). For updates, check SEAB/MOE websites or school advisors.

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Overview of Secondary Mathematics Syllabus in Singapore