Introduction to Singapore’s Primary Mathematics Syllabus: Useful Information for Parents and Students
The Primary Mathematics Syllabus in Singapore, developed by the Ministry of Education (MOE), is designed for students from Primary 1 (P1, typically age 7) to Primary 6 (P6, typically age 12). Information accurate up till November 2025
It emphasizes building a strong foundation in numeracy, logical reasoning, and problem-solving skills that extend beyond mathematics into other disciplines.
The MOE Primary Math syllabus is compulsory and assumes no formal prior mathematical learning, though early skills like counting and sorting are beneficial for P1 entry.
The P1-P4 content is common to all students, while P5-P6 offers Standard Mathematics (building directly on prior levels) and Foundation Mathematics (a supportive subset revisiting key concepts for students needing additional help).
The current syllabus is a revision implemented progressively since 2021, with full rollout to P6 starting in 2026. As of December 2024, it focuses on developing 21st-century competencies like critical thinking through real-world problem contexts, such as sustainability and financial literacy.
Overall Objectives
The syllabus has three main aims:
- Acquire mathematical concepts and skills for practical everyday use and lifelong learning.
- Develop key skills in thinking, reasoning, communication, application, and metacognition via problem-solving.
- Build confidence and interest in mathematics to encourage perseverance and appreciation.
These objectives ensure students not only learn content but also apply it to solve routine and non-routine problems from real-life, academic, or mathematical contexts.
Mathematical Framework
At the core is mathematical problem-solving, supported by five interconnected components:
- Concepts: Understanding ideas in strands like Number and Algebra, Measurement and Geometry, and Statistics.
- Skills: Proficiency in calculations, visualization, data handling, measurement, tools, and estimation.
- Processes: Abstracting, reasoning, representing/communicating, and applying/modeling.
- Metacognition: Self-awareness and regulation of thinking processes.
- Attitudes: Positive beliefs, appreciation, confidence, interest, and perseverance.
The framework highlights four themes: Properties and Relationships, Operations and Algorithms, Representations and Communications, and Abstractions and Applications. Six “big ideas” (Equivalence, Diagrams, Invariance, Measures, Notations, Proportionality) connect concepts across levels for deeper coherence.
Problem-solving strategies, like George Pólya’s four steps (understand, plan, carry out, reflect) and heuristics (e.g., drawing diagrams), are integrated throughout.
Key Skills and Processes
Students develop procedural fluency in areas like numerical/algebraic manipulation and spatial/data analysis. Processes emphasize logical justification, pattern generalization, mathematical language use, and real-world modeling. Metacognition encourages reflection, especially for challenging problems, fostering self-directed learning. Attitudes promote viewing math as useful and enjoyable.
Breakdown of Topics by Primary Level
The syllabus is divided into three strands: Number and Algebra, Measurement and Geometry, and Statistics. Below is a structured overview of key topics and learning outcomes for Standard Mathematics (P1-P6). Foundation Mathematics (P5-P6) is a subset, focusing on reinforcement. Topics build progressively, with increasing complexity.
Primary 1 (P1)
Focus: Basic counting, operations, and shapes.
| Strand | Key Topics and Learning Outcomes |
|---|---|
| Number and Algebra | Whole numbers (count to 100, place value, compare/order); Addition/subtraction (within 100, mental math); Multiplication/division (basics within 40/20); Money (count to $100). |
| Measurement and Geometry | Length (compare in cm); Time (to 5 minutes, durations); 2D shapes (identify rectangle, square, triangle, circle; form figures). |
| Statistics | Picture graphs (read/interpret). |
Primary 2 (P2)
Focus: Extending operations and introducing fractions.
| Strand | Key Topics and Learning Outcomes |
|---|---|
| Number and Algebra | Whole numbers (to 1,000, odd/even); Addition/subtraction (up to 3 digits); Multiplication/division (tables 2/3/4/5/10); Fractions (unit/like, add/subtract within one); Money (decimal notation, conversions). |
| Measurement and Geometry | Length/mass/volume (units m, kg/g, L; compare); Time (to minute, conversions); 2D/3D shapes (patterns; identify cube, cuboid, cone, cylinder, sphere). |
| Statistics | Picture graphs with scales. |
Primary 3 (P3)
Focus: Larger numbers and geometry concepts.
| Strand | Key Topics and Learning Outcomes |
|---|---|
| Number and Algebra | Whole numbers (to 10,000); Addition/subtraction (up to 4 digits); Multiplication/division (tables 6/7/8/9, up to 3 digits by 1); Fractions (equivalents, add/subtract related); Money (add/subtract decimals). |
| Measurement and Geometry | Length/volume (km, ml, conversions); Time (seconds, 24-hour); Area/perimeter (measure in cm²/m², rectangles/squares); Angles (right, greater/smaller); Perpendicular/parallel lines. |
| Statistics | Bar graphs (with scales). |
Primary 4 (P4)
Focus: Decimals, factors, and advanced geometry.
| Strand | Key Topics and Learning Outcomes |
|---|---|
| Number and Algebra | Whole numbers (to 100,000, rounding ≈); Factors/multiples; Four operations (up to 4 digits by 2); Fractions (mixed/improper, add/subtract); Decimals (up to 3 places, as fractions, operations). |
| Measurement and Geometry | Area/perimeter (composites); Angles (measure/draw in degrees); Rectangle/square properties; Line symmetry; Nets of 3D shapes (cube, cuboid, etc.). |
| Statistics | Tables, line graphs, pie charts (read/interpret/complete). |
Primary 5 (P5)
Focus: Percentages, rates, and 3D measurements.
| Strand | Key Topics and Learning Outcomes |
|---|---|
| Number and Algebra | Whole numbers (to 10 million); Four operations (by 10/100/1000, order/brackets); Fractions (division, multiply); Decimals (operations, conversions); Percentage (express, find parts); Rate (per unit). |
| Measurement and Geometry | Area/volume (triangles, cubes/cuboids in cm³/m³, liquids); Angles (on lines, at points, opposites); Triangle properties (isosceles, equilateral, right-angled, sums); Parallelogram/rhombus/trapezium properties. |
| Statistics | Builds on prior (tables/graphs). |
Primary 6 (P6)
Focus: Algebra, circles, and data analysis. (Note: In 2025, uses 2013 syllabus; 2021 version from 2026.)
| Strand | Key Topics and Learning Outcomes |
|---|---|
| Number and Algebra | Fractions (divide); Percentage (increase/decrease); Ratio (a:b, equivalents); Algebra (expressions, equations with letters). |
| Measurement and Geometry | Area/volume (circles: area/circumference; composites; cube/cuboid dimensions); Geometry (quadrilaterals in composites, unknowns). |
| Statistics | Average (total ÷ number, relationships). |
Foundation Mathematics (P5-P6)
This track revisits P1-P4 concepts with subsets of Standard content. For example, P5 Foundation covers whole numbers to 10 million, basic fractions/decimals, area/perimeter/volume, and graphs; P6 adds fraction division, percentages, triangle areas, and pie charts.
Recent Updates and Changes
The 2021 revision (updated December 2024) emphasizes big ideas for coherence, metacognition for self-reflection, and real-world applications. It’s being phased in: P1-P5 use the 2021 syllabus in 2025, with P6 transitioning in 2026. Changes include reduced content in some areas (e.g., streamlined fractions) to focus on depth and problem-solving. Parents and educators are encouraged to align with these for holistic development.
Uniformity in MOE Primary Schools’ Math Syllabus
In Singapore’s Ministry of Education (MOE) primary schools, which form the majority of the system (over 180 schools serving local students), all institutions adhere to the same national Primary Mathematics Syllabus as outlined by the MOE.
This ensures consistency in content, learning outcomes, and assessment standards across the board, with no deviations allowed in the core curriculum. The syllabus, last revised in 2021 and fully implemented by 2026, covers strands like Number and Algebra, Measurement and Geometry, and Statistics, building progressively from Primary 1 to 6.
Variations primarily occur in two areas: textbook selection and pedagogical approaches, but these must align fully with the syllabus guidelines. For instance, schools select from approved textbook series, which differ in presentation, examples, and supplementary materials but deliver the identical content and skills.
No MOE school teaches a fundamentally different syllabus; any “differences” are surface-level, such as emphasis on real-world applications or group activities, depending on the school’s teaching philosophy.
Variations in Textbooks
Schools choose from a handful of MOE-approved series, leading to minor differences in layout, visuals, and problem sets. Here’s a breakdown of common ones:
| Textbook Series | Key Features and Usage | Example Schools or Notes |
|---|---|---|
| My Pals Are Here! | Emphasizes visual aids, bar models, and real-life contexts; widely used for its engaging illustrations and step-by-step guidance. | Majority of primary schools; updated to align with 2021 syllabus revisions. |
| Shaping Maths | Focuses on conceptual understanding through activities and explorations; similar structure but with more inquiry-based elements. | Common alternative; also predominant in many schools. |
| Dimensions Math | Part of Singapore Math Inc.’s offerings; stresses depth in problem-solving with manipulatives and differentiation for varying abilities. | Used in some schools; adapted from Singapore’s framework for international use but approved locally. |
| Primary Mathematics (2022 Edition) | Updated version with enhanced digital resources and focus on metacognition; builds on earlier US Edition but tailored to MOE. | Popular in schools emphasizing modern tools; aligns with global Singapore Math adaptations. |
These series are not “different curricula” but variations in delivery—e.g., one might use more comics for engagement, while another prioritizes worksheets. Parents often note at least two main types in use across schools, but all prepare students equally for the Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE).
Schools with Differentiated Approaches to Primary Math in Singapore
While all Ministry of Education (MOE) primary schools follow the national syllabus, some offer enriched programs like the Gifted Education Programme (GEP), which provides deeper math exploration for high-ability learners.
These are phasing into school-based High-Ability Learner (HAL) provisions from 2024 onward. International schools, however, often diverge entirely, integrating Singapore Math elements into global curricula like the International Primary Curriculum (IPC) or International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programme (IB PYP) for a more inquiry-based, thematic approach.
Below is a table summarizing these schools. School names are linked to their official websites for more details.
MOE Schools with GEP (Enriched Math for High-Ability Students)
These schools enhance the standard syllabus with advanced problem-solving, interdisciplinary math links, and metacognitive strategies, but remain aligned to MOE guidelines.
| School Name | Special Features | Location |
|---|---|---|
| Anglo-Chinese School (Primary) | GEP with emphasis on inquiry-based math and real-world applications; transitioning to HAL. | Barker Road |
| Catholic High School (Primary) | Bilingual GEP integrating math with cultural contexts; strong focus on logical reasoning. | Bishan |
| Henry Park Primary School | GEP featuring collaborative math projects and technology integration. | Holland Grove Road |
| Nan Hua Primary School | SAP school with GEP; math enriched with Chinese cultural elements and critical thinking. | Jalan Lempeng |
| Nanyang Primary School | SAP GEP with bicultural math approaches; emphasis on innovation and problem-solving. | King’s Road |
| Raffles Girls’ Primary School | GEP for girls; math focused on leadership and analytical skills. | Hillcrest Road |
| Rosyth School | GEP with hands-on math experiences and peer-led learning. | Serangoon North Avenue 4 |
| St. Hilda’s Primary School | GEP incorporating values-based math education and community projects. | Tampines Avenue 3 |
| Tao Nan School | SAP GEP; math blended with heritage and creative thinking. | Marine Crescent |
International Schools (Alternative Curricula)
These schools often adapt Singapore Math into broader frameworks, emphasizing inquiry, global perspectives, and integration with other subjects, differing significantly from the MOE syllabus.
| School Name | Curriculum/Special Features | Location |
|---|---|---|
| Middleton International School | IPC with Singapore Math; affordable, inquiry-led with real-life contexts. | Tampines/Bukit Timah |
| Astor International School | IPC with Singapore Math and British English; personalized, affordable education. | Kay Siang Road |
| Sir Manasseh Meyer International School | IPC/IMYC with Singapore Math; Jewish values integrated, inquiry-based. | Sembawang |
| Overseas Family School | IEYC/IPC/IB; open entry, focuses on global attitudes and no dominant nationality. | Pasir Ris |
| Hollandse School | IPC with Dutch/English streams; inquiry-based with Singapore Math elements. | Bukit Tinggi Road |
| SJI International Elementary School | IPC with bilingual options; Lasallian values, holistic development. | Thomson Road |
| The Winstedt School | British curriculum with Singapore Math; inclusive for neurodiverse learners. | Upper Boon Keng |
| Dynamics International School | Cambridge/IPC; specialized for learning differences with small classes. | Orchard Road |
| Canadian International School | IB PYP; inquiry-driven with Singapore Math integration. | Lakeside/Tanjong Katong |
| Invictus International School | Cambridge with Singapore Math; affordable, bilingual options available. | Sentosa/Dempsey/Centrium |
| Wise Oaks International School | Cambridge with Singapore Math; ethical values and global perspectives. | Upper Bukit Timah |
| Dover Court International School | English National Curriculum/IPC; inclusive with Singapore Math elements. | Dover Road |
For international schools, admission often requires non-Singaporean status, and fees are higher. If you’re interested in specifics like fees or enrollment for 2025, check school websites or MOE resources.
Special Programs in MOE Primary Schools
While the core syllabus remains uniform, MOE schools offer specialized programs for differentiation, particularly for high-ability or struggling learners. These are enrichments or supports layered on top of the standard curriculum, not replacements.
A deep dive reveals two main categories: high-ability enrichments (including the evolving Gifted Education Programme) and remediation/support programs.
High-Ability and Gifted Programs
The most notable “difference” comes from programs for intellectually gifted or high-ability learners (HAL), affecting about 10% of each cohort (around 3,000 students).
Historically, the Gifted Education Programme (GEP) provided an enriched curriculum in nine select schools, but as of 2024 (with full effects by 2027), it’s being phased out in favor of school-based HAL provisions across all primary schools.
This shift, announced to reduce elitism and stress, means no more centralized testing or school transfers—enrichments are now integrated locally or via after-school modules.
- Legacy GEP (Phasing Out): Until 2026, GEP operates in nine schools for Primary 4-6 students identified via Primary 3 tests (English, Math, General Ability). The math curriculum is enriched with greater depth, complexity, and interdisciplinary links, emphasizing higher-order thinking, problem-solving, and real-world applications over rote learning. Examples include exploring advanced topics like patterns in nature or optimization problems, using inquiry-based methods. Special features: Primary Mathematics Masterclass for research and collaboration; P6 Math Alternative Assessment (projects like data analysis or modeling); independent study and affective education for emotional resilience. Classrooms encourage open-ended tasks, group discussions, and connections to science/economics. Assessments mix traditional tests with presentations, reflections, and projects, fostering metacognition. GEP schools: Anglo-Chinese School (Primary), Catholic High School (Primary), Henry Park Primary School, Nan Hua Primary School, Nanyang Primary School, Raffles Girls’ Primary School, Rosyth School, St. Hilda’s Primary School, Tao Nan School.
- New HAL Provisions (From 2024 Onward): All schools now identify HAL students internally (from P4-6) and offer tailored math enrichments. These build on the standard syllabus but add depth via after-school modules at nearby schools for subject-specific talents (e.g., math). Focus: Customization for strengths in math without broad giftedness; reduced testing (only P3 Stage 1 remains for initial flagging). Specific MOE-organized programs include:
- E2K Mathematics Programme: Inquiry-based, using puzzles/games to deepen reasoning; for P4-6 HAL with aptitude.
- Mathematics Expert @Work (MEW): School-based, collaborative problem-solving with real-world Model-Eliciting Activities; P4-6.
- Primary Mathematics Project Competition: Annual contest for P4-5; themes like “Math is Fun!” via games/posters; open to all but targets HAL.
- External: Singapore Mathematical Society’s Primary Mathematics Olympiad Program (PMOP) during holidays; competitive training for contests.
These programs integrate by extending classroom concepts—e.g., applying fractions to real-life modeling—without altering the syllabus.
Remediation and Support Programs
For students needing help, schools offer Foundation Mathematics (P5-6 subset of Standard) or school-specific supports like Ngee Ann Primary’s P1-3 Learning Support for Mathematics (LSM) and P4-5 Remediation, focusing on basics via structured activities. Private enrichments like Seriously Addictive Mathematics (SAM) or Kumon supplement but aren’t school-based.
International and Private Schools: True Alternatives
Unlike MOE schools, international schools (over 80 in Singapore, serving expats and some locals) often diverge entirely from the MOE syllabus, using global curricula like IB Primary Years Programme (PYP), International Primary Curriculum (IPC), or Cambridge. These emphasize inquiry, themes, and integration over the MOE’s structured progression. Many incorporate “Singapore Math” elements (bar models, mastery) but adapt them flexibly. Fees range from SGD 20,000-50,000/year; admission often requires non-Singaporean status.
- IPC Schools: Thematic, inquiry-based for ages 5-11; math integrated into units (e.g., geometry via history themes) rather than standalone. Differs from MOE by prioritizing collaboration/reflection over drills. Examples: Middleton International (aligns IPC with Singapore Math for rigor); Astor International (Singapore Math within IPC); Sir Manasseh Meyer (blends with Singapore Math); Overseas Family School; Holland International; SJI International; The Winstedt; Dynamic International.
- IB PYP Schools: Transdisciplinary, concept-driven; math woven into Units of Inquiry (e.g., data handling in social studies). Less emphasis on rote computation than MOE; more on global perspectives. Example: Canadian International School (CIS) uses PYP framework, integrating math specialists but focusing on inquiry—potentially less procedural than MOE’s bar-model heavy approach.
- Other Variations: Invictus uses pure Singapore Math method; Wise Oaks blends Cambridge with Singapore Math; Dover Court has daily math but themed integration. These offer “special” features like bilingual options or STEAM focus, appealing for holistic education.
In summary, MOE uniformity holds, with specials via enrichments; true differences lie in international schools. For 2025 specifics, check school booklists or MOE updates, as transitions continue.
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