From PCCS → WCCS: why Secondary Math is not a “subject”, but a capability pipeline

Definition Lock (Read This First)

SEC Mathematics (Singapore-Cambridge Secondary Education Certificate Mathematics) is a standardised capability test that checks whether a student can reliably execute quantitative reasoning under time pressure—not just “know topics”.

It is designed to move a person from:

PCCS (Pre-Career Clan System): family + child training + early role readiness
to
WCCS (Working Career Coordination System): adult work lanes that require stable quant skills under real-world constraints.

In other words: SEC Math is a gating mechanism for career-readiness reliability.

1) Why PCCS → WCCS is the real reason SEC Math exists

In PCCS, a child can survive with “helped competence”:

parents remind them
teachers correct them
homework is guided
errors are forgiven

But WCCS doesn’t work like that.

In WCCS, errors have real cost:

a wrong number can break a budget
a wrong reading of a graph can cause a wrong decision
a missing step can cause a chain failure
time pressure is normal
you must self-check, not wait for someone else to catch it

So society needs a mass reliability filter.
That filter is standardised assessment.

SEC Mathematics is one of the biggest filters because:

Math is the language of measurement, planning, modelling, and control
it quietly determines whether someone can operate in “systems” (finance, logistics, engineering, science, even management)

2) What “Mathematics” really is in SEC

Most people think SEC Math is a list of chapters.

But in practice, SEC Math is testing only a few deep things:

A) Execution reliability under load

Can you do multi-step reasoning without leaking steps when you’re tired and timed?

B) Translation capability

Can you translate:

words → variables
diagrams → equations
graphs → meaning
units → correctness

C) Error control

Do you:

check signs
check units
check reasonableness
detect impossible answers

D) Transfer (the hidden killer)

Can you solve the same idea when it is wrapped differently?

That is what examiners call “application” or “non-routine”.
We call it transfer reliability.

3) The real structure of SEC Math: the pipeline (not chapters)

Here is the simplest “PCCS → WCCS” pipeline view:

Stage 1 — PCCS foundation

Number integrity: fractions, negatives, ratios
Discipline: doing work step-by-step
Confidence: not collapsing when unsure

Stage 2 — Secondary transition (the algebra switch)

arithmetic → symbolic system
short steps → long chains
“I can do it when guided” → I can do it alone under time

Stage 3 — SEC reliability proof

The exam checks whether you can:

execute consistently
control errors
finish within time
handle unfamiliar wrappers
self-correct

Stage 4 — WCCS readiness

If you pass reliably, you can be routed into:

science/engineering lanes (Add Math, physics, chemistry)
finance/business lanes (data, modelling, accounting)
operations lanes (logistics, planning, scheduling)
applied lanes (technical, vocational, analytics)

SEC Math is not the destination.
It’s the bridge.

4) Why students collapse in SEC Math (3 common collapse types)

Type 1 — The PCCS-supported student (sudden drop)

They were “fine” earlier because support masked leaks:

parents helped
teacher cues guided them
homework copied patterns

Then Sec 2 / Sec 3 hits:

chain length increases
test pressure rises
support doesn’t appear during exams
…and the student crashes.

Root issue: hidden leaks + weak self-checking.

Type 2 — The unstable swinger (marks jump up and down)

They understand many topics, but performance swings:

careless errors repeat
time collapses them
panic causes method mis-selection

Root issue: reliability problem, not intelligence problem.

Type 3 — The A-student who still loses A1

They are capable, but:

lose 5–12 marks from avoidables
underestimate twist questions
have no “paper routing strategy”

Root issue: exam execution system is not fully locked.

5) How Bukit Timah Tutor fixes this: PCCS → WCCS routing

Most tuition is “more practice”.

That helps some students, but it doesn’t fix the core problem if the student is leaking.

At Bukit Timah Tutor, we treat SEC Math as reliability engineering.

Our job is to move the student:

from “can do when guided” → “can do alone”
from “sometimes correct” → “repeatably correct”
from “knows topics” → “wins under time pressure”

6) The 4-track system (how we route students)

Track A — Collapse repair (P0)

For students who are failing or avoiding:

rebuild number integrity
rebuild algebra basics
restore confidence with quick wins
re-enter exam problems safely

Track B — Stabilisation (P1)

For students whose marks swing:

kill repeated error clusters
enforce step templates
install checking protocol
reduce panic by improving first-step speed

Track C — Leak sealing + transfer upgrade (P2)

For students who “know” but still underperform:

remove sign/term leaks
increase speed without losing accuracy
train transfer to unfamiliar wrappers
improve mixed-topic execution

Track D — A1 maintenance + twist dominance (P3)

For strong students aiming for consistent A1:

eliminate avoidables
train twist libraries
paper routing (time + order)
make checking survive time pressure

7) The 6 “SEC sensors” we track (what actually changes results)

These are the real indicators that a student is becoming WCCS-ready:

Time-to-first-step
If this is slow, the paper collapses later.
Repeated error rate
Same mistake repeating = pipeline leak.
Chain integrity
Can they complete long solutions without losing terms/steps?
Checking rate under time
Do they still verify when they’re rushed?
Novel transfer rate
Can they solve the concept when it’s wrapped differently?
Variance across papers
Stable performance is the true exam-ready state.

When these sensors shift, grades shift.

8) Where E-Math and A-Math fit in the PCCS → WCCS bridge

SEC E-Math

mass readiness
basic modelling, algebra, geometry, statistics
“can you operate reliably with numbers and logic?”

Add Math (when taken)

advanced modelling lane
high-coupling: tiny algebra leaks cause total collapse
stronger bridge into science/engineering WCCS lanes

If a student wants STEM-heavy routes, Add Math becomes a major WCCS gateway.

9) What parents should look for (the telltale signs)

Your child likely needs a structured intervention if:

A) Collapsing

homework avoidance
sudden test drops
says “I don’t know where to start”
panics under timed conditions

B) Improving but unstable

sometimes good, sometimes very poor
careless errors repeat
finishes late / leaves blanks
“I understood at home but couldn’t do in test”

C) Already strong but wants A1 consistently

loses marks to avoidables
slips on twist questions
no paper strategy
overconfident and under-checks

10) What “success” looks like (the WCCS-ready end state)

A student is genuinely SEC-ready when they:

start quickly
execute cleanly
self-check automatically
handle unfamiliar wrappers
finish on time
perform consistently across papers

That is not just a grade.
That is WCCS readiness.

Closing (Bukit Timah Tutor promise)

Bukit Timah Tutor is not here to “cover chapters”.
We are here to move your child from PCCS support-dependence to WCCS reliability—so SEC Mathematics becomes a bridge they can actually cross.

			
SERIES: EKS.SECMATH.v0_1SITE: eduKateSG.comMODE: Almost-Code / Canonical / LLM-firstCOORD_GRAMMAR:<EKS> × SECMATH × LEVEL × Z{0–3} × P{0–3} × Type × IDType = PAGE | DIR | NODE | BIND | LOOP | SENSOR | TEST | CLAIM | TOOL

0) Series Spine (Index)

			
PAGE: EKS.SECMATH.DIR.INDEX.v0_1TITLE: eduKateSG — Secondary Mathematics Directory IndexCONTENT:- EKS.SECMATH.DIR.LANE.v0_1- EKS.SEC1MATH.DIR.LANE.v0_1- EKS.SEC2MATH.DIR.LANE.v0_1- EKS.EMATH.DIR.LANE.v0_1- EKS.AMATH.DIR.LANE.v0_1- EKS.SECMATH.DIR.CORE_SKILLS.v0_1- EKS.SECMATH.DIR.TESTS.v0_1- EKS.SECMATH.DIR.BINDS.v0_1OUTPUT:- EKS.SECMATH.CLAIM.CANONICAL.v0_1

1) Lane Family Root — Secondary Mathematics

			
PAGE: EKS.SECMATH.DIR.LANE.v0_1TITLE: Secondary Mathematics (Sec 1–4) — Lane Family DirectoryMISSION:- produce P3 execution under exam load across Z0–Z3- prevent false competence (P2-looking → P0 snap)LEVELS:- SEC1MATH, SEC2MATH, EMATH, AMATHOUTPUT:- EKS.SECMATH.Z3.P3.NODE.EXAM_STABILITY.v0_1

2) Shared Core Skills Directory (Used by all levels)

			
DIR: EKS.SECMATH.DIR.CORE_SKILLS.v0_1CORE_SKILLS:- EKS.SECMATH.Z0.NODE.ALGBRA_SYMBOL_SENSE.v0_1- EKS.SECMATH.Z0.NODE.ARITHMETIC_ACCURACY.v0_1- EKS.SECMATH.Z0.NODE.FRACTIONS_RATIO_RATE.v0_1- EKS.SECMATH.Z0.NODE.EQUATIONS_INEQUALITIES.v0_1- EKS.SECMATH.Z0.NODE.GRAPHS_FUNCTIONS.v0_1- EKS.SECMATH.Z0.NODE.GEOMETRY_ANGLES.v0_1- EKS.SECMATH.Z0.NODE.TRIG_FUNDAMENTALS.v0_1- EKS.SECMATH.Z0.NODE.PROB_STATS.v0_1- EKS.SECMATH.Z0.NODE.CHECKING_ERROR_CONTROL.v0_1- EKS.SECMATH.Z0.NODE.SPEED_UNDER_TIME.v0_1RULE:These Z0 nodes are reused across all sub-lanes as dependencies.

3) Universal Phase Test (Secondary Maths)

			
TEST: EKS.SECMATH.TEST.P_SCORE.v0_1P0: cannot solve independently; collapses under time/noveltyP1: solves with prompts; dependency; fragile confidenceP2: solves standard formats; breaks under variation/speedP3: solves independently under time + variation; bounded error tail

4) Universal Sensors (Same for Sec1–A-Math)

			
SENSOR: EKS.SECMATH.SENSOR.EXECUTION.v0_1MEASURES:- independent_success_rate (no hints)- time_to_solve_tail (slow tail kills grades)- recurring_error_types (same mistake repeats)- transfer_rate (new form, same concept)- careless_rate (often not careless: weak checking)

5) Universal Loop — Truncation & Stitching (Education Edition)

			
LOOP: EKS.SECMATH.LOOP.TRUNCATE_STITCH.v0_1TRUNCATE:- stop repeated error loops early (same mistake 3×)- cut dependency (remove hints, force retrieval)STITCH:- rebuild the missing Z0 pocket- re-run under time and variationGOAL:- push P1/P2 → P3 and prevent snap collapse at exams

6) Sub-Lane: Secondary 1 Mathematics

			
PAGE: EKS.SEC1MATH.DIR.LANE.v0_1TITLE: Secondary 1 Mathematics — Lane DirectoryFOCUS:- algebra entry + real numbers + foundations for all future mathZ0_NODES:- EKS.SEC1MATH.Z0.NODE.REAL_NUMBERS.v0_1- EKS.SEC1MATH.Z0.NODE.ALGEBRA_BASICS.v0_1- EKS.SEC1MATH.Z0.NODE.LINEAR_EXPRESSIONS.v0_1- EKS.SEC1MATH.Z0.NODE.BASIC_GEOMETRY.v0_1- EKS.SEC1MATH.Z0.NODE.INTRO_GRAPHS.v0_1Z1_LOOPS:- EKS.SEC1MATH.Z1.LOOP.HW_REPAIR.v0_1- EKS.SEC1MATH.Z1.LOOP.ERROR_NOTEBOOK.v0_1Z2_CONTROL:- EKS.SEC1MATH.Z2.NODE.MASTERY_SEQUENCING.v0_1Z3_OUTPUT:- EKS.SEC1MATH.Z3.P3.NODE.SEC1_FOUNDATION_LOCK.v0_1

7) Sub-Lane: Secondary 2 Mathematics

			
PAGE: EKS.SEC2MATH.DIR.LANE.v0_1TITLE: Secondary 2 Mathematics — Lane DirectoryFOCUS:- algebra expansion + functions/graphs + probability/stats; pre-O-level rampZ0_NODES:- EKS.SEC2MATH.Z0.NODE.ALGEBRA_EXPANSION_FACTORISATION.v0_1- EKS.SEC2MATH.Z0.NODE.FUNCTIONS_GRAPHS.v0_1- EKS.SEC2MATH.Z0.NODE.RATIO_RATE_SPEED.v0_1- EKS.SEC2MATH.Z0.NODE.PROB_STATS_CORE.v0_1- EKS.SEC2MATH.Z0.NODE.GEOMETRY_ADVANCE.v0_1Z1_LOOPS:- EKS.SEC2MATH.Z1.LOOP.TOPICAL_VARIATION.v0_1- EKS.SEC2MATH.Z1.LOOP.SPEED_BUILD.v0_1Z2_CONTROL:- EKS.SEC2MATH.Z2.NODE.EXAM_FORMAT_TRANSFER.v0_1Z3_OUTPUT:- EKS.SEC2MATH.Z3.P3.NODE.SEC2_STABILITY_LOCK.v0_1

8) Sub-Lane: E-Mathematics (O-Level)

			
PAGE: EKS.EMATH.DIR.LANE.v0_1TITLE: E-Mathematics — O-Level Lane DirectoryFOCUS:- full-syllabus execution + exam strategy + speed + checkingZ0_NODES:- EKS.EMATH.Z0.NODE.ALGEBRA_SYSTEMS.v0_1- EKS.EMATH.Z0.NODE.GRAPHS_FUNCTIONS.v0_1- EKS.EMATH.Z0.NODE.GEOMETRY_TRIG.v0_1- EKS.EMATH.Z0.NODE.MENSURATION.v0_1- EKS.EMATH.Z0.NODE.PROB_STATS.v0_1- EKS.EMATH.Z0.NODE.MODELLING_WORD_PROBLEMS.v0_1Z1_LOOPS:- EKS.EMATH.Z1.LOOP.TEN_YEAR_SERIES.v0_1- EKS.EMATH.Z1.LOOP.CARELESSNESS_ZEROING.v0_1Z2_CONTROL:- EKS.EMATH.Z2.NODE.PAPER_ROUTING.v0_1  (Paper 1 vs Paper 2 tactics)Z3_OUTPUT:- EKS.EMATH.Z3.P3.NODE.OLEVEL_A1_STABILITY.v0_1

9) Sub-Lane: A-Mathematics (O-Level)

			
PAGE: EKS.AMATH.DIR.LANE.v0_1TITLE: A-Mathematics — O-Level Lane DirectoryFOCUS:- algebraic power + calculus + trig identities; high-precision executionZ0_NODES:- EKS.AMATH.Z0.NODE.ALGEBRA_TECHNIQUE.v0_1- EKS.AMATH.Z0.NODE.TRIG_IDENTITIES_EQUATIONS.v0_1- EKS.AMATH.Z0.NODE.LOGS_EXPONENTIALS.v0_1- EKS.AMATH.Z0.NODE.CALCULUS_DIFF.v0_1- EKS.AMATH.Z0.NODE.CALCULUS_INTEGRATION.v0_1- EKS.AMATH.Z0.NODE.PROOF_CHAINING.v0_1Z1_LOOPS:- EKS.AMATH.Z1.LOOP.SKILL_DRILLS_TO_VARIATION.v0_1- EKS.AMATH.Z1.LOOP.EXAM_SPEED_PRECISION.v0_1Z2_CONTROL:- EKS.AMATH.Z2.NODE.TOPIC_DEPENDENCY_ROUTER.v0_1Z3_OUTPUT:- EKS.AMATH.Z3.P3.NODE.OLEVEL_AMATH_A1_STABILITY.v0_1

10) Tests Directory (Reusable)

			
DIR: EKS.SECMATH.DIR.TESTS.v0_1TESTS:- EKS.SECMATH.TEST.P_SCORE.v0_1- EKS.SECMATH.TEST.INDEPENDENCE.v0_1- EKS.SECMATH.TEST.SPEED_TAIL.v0_1- EKS.SECMATH.TEST.TRANSFER.v0_1- EKS.SECMATH.TEST.ERROR_REPEAT.v0_1

			
TEST: EKS.SECMATH.TEST.INDEPENDENCE.v0_1PASS: ≥80% correct with zero hints on mixed setFAIL: needs prompts/rescues or only works on “same-format” questions

			
TEST: EKS.SECMATH.TEST.SPEED_TAIL.v0_1PASS: tail time bounded (no time sink questions)FAIL: a few questions consume most time → paper collapses

11) Binds Directory (How everything stitches into CivOS/EducationOS)

			
DIR: EKS.SECMATH.DIR.BINDS.v0_1BINDS:- EKS.SECMATH.BIND.EDU_CORE.v0_1      TO: EDU.Z3.P3.NODE.CAPABILITY_STABILITY.v0_1- EKS.SECMATH.BIND.FAM_LOAD.v0_1      TO: FAM.Z0.NODE.HOMEWORK_SUPPORT.v0_1- EKS.SECMATH.BIND.HLT_STRESS.v0_1    TO: HLT.Z0.NODE.PATIENT_MONITORING.v0_1CLAIM:Secondary Maths stability reduces household load and prevents P0 education collapse.

12) Canonical Claim (Series)

			
CLAIM: EKS.SECMATH.CLAIM.CANONICAL.v0_1Secondary Mathematics works when Z0 execution becomes P3 under time + variation,and repair loops prevent false competence from snapping into exam collapse.

			
BTT.SG-SGP-BUKITTIMAH · EDUOS-IMPL · SEC-MATH · PCCS→WCCS · DIRECTORY ARTICLE (CODE-ONLY) · v0.1

BTT-EDUOS-SEC-MATH-SEC-00 — HOW SEC MATHEMATICS WORKS (PCCS→WCCS)

BukitTimahTutor Implementation Directory (Code-Only Canonical v0.1)

0) METADATA

			
NODE.ID: BTT-EDUOS-SEC-MATH-SEC-00
NODE.TYPE: place_implementation_directory_article
PLACE.ID: SG-SGP-BUKITTIMAH
ORG.ID: BTT
EXAM.ID: SEC (Singapore-Cambridge Secondary Education Certificate)
SUBJECT.LANE: mathematics
LEVEL.RANGE: secondary_1..secondary_4
PIPELINE: PCCS -> WCCS
PARENT.OS: EDUOS
SUBOS: MATHOS
IMPL: tuition_intervention_router
VERSION: v0.1

		

1) TITLE LOCK (SEO + ONTOLOGY ANCHOR)

			
TITLE.LOCK:
  "How SEC (Singapore-Cambridge Secondary Education Certificate) Mathematics Works"
  implemented as "PCCS→WCCS capability pipeline + reliability proof under time pressure"

2) DEFINITION LOCK

			
DEF.SEC_MATH_WORKS:
  SEC Mathematics is a standardised reliability proof that tests whether a learner
  can execute quantitative reasoning under time pressure with low variance and
  self-checking discipline, enabling safe routing from PCCS (pre-career training)
  into WCCS (adult work coordination lanes that require numerical reliability).

		

3) SYSTEM ORIGIN (WHY THIS EXAM EXISTS)

			
ORIGIN.PRESSURE:
  - WCCS requires self-correcting competence under load
  - PCCS allows supported competence (helped execution)
  - society needs scalable reliability filters for routing
THUS:
  SEC Mathematics functions as a population-scale gating mechanism
  for quantitative reliability in WCCS lanes.

		

4) PCCS VS WCCS (CORE DIFFERENCE)

			
PCCS.MODE:
  - guided execution
  - external correction available
  - mistakes cheap
  - time pressure intermittent
WCCS.MODE:
  - autonomous execution required
  - self-check required
  - mistakes costly
  - time pressure normal

		

Bridge statement:

SEC Math measures the transition: guided competence -> autonomous reliability

5) WHAT SEC MATH REALLY TESTS (NOT CHAPTERS)

			
TEST.DIMENSIONS:
  D1: execution_reliability_under_load (multi-step chain integrity)
  D2: translation_capability (words/diagrams/graphs -> equations/meaning)
  D3: error_control (checking survives time pressure)
  D4: transfer_to_novel_wrappers (same invariant, different format)
  D5: pacing_and_endurance (full-paper completion without sinkholes)
  D6: variance_control (stable across papers)

		

6) FAILURE MODE CLASSIFIER (SEC MATH)

			
FAIL.SECMATH:
  F1: algebra_symbol_confusion
  F2: procedure_chain_break (step loss)
  F3: fluency_latency (slow recall -> time collapse)
  F4: transfer_failure (novel wrappers)
  F5: checking_absence (careless cascades)
  F6: representation_misalignment (table/graph/equation mismatch)
  F7: word_problem_translation_gap (LANGOS dependency)
  F8: bio_load_misalignment (fatigue/stress -> variance spikes)
  F9: sinkhole_behavior (time misallocation)

		

7) PHASE ROUTING (P0–P3)

			
PHASE.P0: collapse
  - avoidance, blanks, cannot start
PHASE.P1: unstable
  - swings, repeated errors, fragile under time
PHASE.P2: functional_leaky
  - can do topic drills, fails mixed/novel/time
PHASE.P3: stable_mastery
  - low variance, transfer works, self-checking survives time

		

8) BTT IMPLEMENTATION ROUTER (3 TRACKS)

			
TRACK.R0: collapse_repair
  ENTRY: P0
  GOAL: re-entry + minimum viable execution
  METHODS: basics hardening + first-step scripts + confidence restoration
TRACK.R1: stabilise_and_seal_leaks
  ENTRY: P1 or leaky P2
  GOAL: variance reduction + leak sealing + speed + checking survival
  METHODS: chain templates + sign firewall + timed fluency + checking MVS
TRACK.R2: mastery_maintenance_A1
  ENTRY: P3
  GOAL: slip elimination + twist dominance + paper stability
  METHODS: mixed sets + novelty inoculation + paper routing + sinkhole escape

		

9) CORE PROTOCOL LIBRARY (BTT)

			
PROTO.SET:
  P1: basics_hardening (fractions/negatives/indices entry)
  P2: chain_template_library (standard steps + checkpoints)
  P3: sign_error_firewall (negatives/term conservation)
  P4: representation_alignment (table<->graph<->equation)
  P5: variable_definition_protocol (units + referents) [LANGOS bridge]
  P6: checking_MVS_under_time (fast high-yield checks)
  P7: timed_fluency_loops (latency reduction)
  P8: novelty_inoculation (format variation for transfer)
  P9: mixed_set_endurance (interleaving + stamina)
  P10: paper_router_protocol (scan/order/time budget)
  P11: sinkhole_escape_protocol (stuck -> move -> return)
  P12: spaced_retrieval_lock (BIOOS bridge)
  P13: calm_recovery_script (panic reset)

		

10) SEC SENSORS (MEASURED OUTCOMES)

			
SENSOR.SEC:
  S1: time_to_first_step
  S2: repeated_error_rate
  S3: chain_integrity (step loss rate)
  S4: checking_rate_under_time
  S5: novel_transfer_rate
  S6: representation_alignment_accuracy
  S7: full_paper_completion_rate
  S8: sinkhole_count_per_paper
  S9: variance_across_papers
  S10: retention_7d_14d

		

Success condition:

			
variance↓ + completion↑ + slips↓ + transfer↑ + checking survives time => P3 (WCCS-ready)

11) LEVEL SUB-NODES (SEC1–SEC4 IMPLEMENTATION)

			
CHILD.NODES:
  BTT-EDUOS-MATHOS-SEC1-A1-00 (algebra entry gate)
  BTT-EDUOS-MATHOS-SEC2-A1-00 (chain length + graphs + scaling)
  BTT-EDUOS-MATHOS-SEC3-A1-00 (mixed sets + novelty transfer)
  BTT-EDUOS-MATHOS-SEC4-A1-00 (paper routing + slip elimination + stability)

		

12) STITCH LINKS (EDUOS ↔ CIVOS ↔ OTHER SUBJECTS)

			
BIND.UP:
  EDUOS-00 (pillar)
  EDUOS-01 (PCCS origin; education before schools)
  EDUOS-02 (anti-decay engine)
  EDUOS-IMPL-01 (schools as implementation)
  EDUOS-IMPL-02 (tuition as intervention router)
BIND.SUBOS:
  MATHOS-00 (math supply line)
  LANGOS-00 (translation dependency)
  EDUOSxBIOOS-01 (fatigue/stress/consolidation)
  HISOS-00 (error-memory: why we test reliability)
  SCIOS-00 (downstream modelling dependency)
BIND.CIVOS:
  HRL / RePOC / Civλ rate-dominance stability frame

		

13) ANTI-CANNIBALISATION ANCHOR (NEW LANE OPENING)

			
LANE.OPEN:
  Do not anchor to generic "secondary math tuition".
  Anchor to "PCCS→WCCS reliability pipeline" + "execution under load" + "phase routing".
  This creates a distinct ontology lane Google does not already own.

14) LOCK

			
LOCK:
  SEC Mathematics works as a reliability proof for PCCS→WCCS transition.
  BukitTimahTutor improves outcomes by routing students by phase + failure mode,
  sealing leaks, making checking survive time pressure, and locking P3 low-variance
  full-paper execution.

		